2012 BMW X5 XDRIVE35I/XDRIVE35I PREMIUM/XDRIVE35I SPORT ACTIVITY VIN 5UXZV4C5XCL985030

This entry is for a 2012 BMW X5. There is an automatic gearbox, with all-wheel drive. Under the bonnet is a 3.0-litre petrol engine. Every figure for this car is given as it appears in the source data.

The recorded mileage is 160,784 miles. The figure is in miles and needs converting before it is compared with kilometres: one mile is about 1.6 km. Services and inspections note the distance covered, so a car with an ordinary past builds up a trail of figures that climb year after year.

Primary damage in the record: front end. Whether the damage has been repaired since, and how well, is not something a damage entry can show.

At the time of recording, the car ran and drove. A key is on file for the car. Months of standing can leave a car with seized brakes and perished tyres.

According to the source data, the car has a salvage title. A title of this kind usually means the car was written off as a total loss after damage. A branded title follows the car through every change of owner, so it remains part of its history.

Every car builds up a history from the day it is first registered: owners come and go, inspections are passed or failed, and repairs are paid for. Pieces of a car’s history sit with registries, dealers, workshops and insurance companies, and none of them sees the whole picture. Much of a car’s past cannot be seen: a good body repair leaves no obvious mark, and neither do years of hard driving.

A cold start, the colour of the exhaust smoke and any oil leaks tell a mechanic a good deal about how an engine has been treated. A petrol engine in good order starts cleanly, idles evenly and pulls without hesitation. The automatic gearbox should respond smoothly and without delay; jerks, slipping or hesitation on a test drive need investigating. Drive to all four wheels means more to maintain: differentials and couplings have oil of their own, which some manufacturers want changed at set intervals.

A VIN never contains the letters I, O or Q, which could be mistaken for digits; its 17 characters identify the maker, the model and the individual car. This car’s identification number is 5UXZV4C5XCL985030. A VIN that differs between the documents and the car, or shows signs of tampering, is reason enough to walk away.

A VIN report shows what has been logged: earlier registrations, odometer figures, damage entries, branded titles and theft checks, wherever such data exists. A repair paid for in cash at a small workshop leaves no trace in any database, so no report can list it. The past is on file; the car’s condition today is a job for a mechanic, who can check the structure, underbody, electrics and any repairs on a lift. Before going any further with this BMW X5, it makes sense to look up VIN 5UXZV4C5XCL985030.